Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is among the most common reason that children visit the Emergency Department, with approximately 50,000 visits every year in Canada. Within the pediatric group, young children aged 0-4 years and adolescents aged 15-19 years are most likely to sustain a TBI.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), including sport-related concussion, has become a major health issue. Nearly 10% of mTBI patients (aged 0-18 years) are symptomatic with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) three months after injury. Persistent post-concussion symptoms often result in significant disability and family burden. However, the biological explanation for these prolonged PCS symptoms remains unclear.