Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), including sport-related concussion, has become a major health issue. Nearly 10% of mTBI patients (aged 0-18 years) are symptomatic with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) three months after injury. Persistent post-concussion symptoms often result in significant disability and family burden. However, the biological explanation for these prolonged PCS symptoms remains unclear.

One-third of children with concussion have ongoing physical, thinking, emotional or behavioral symptoms beyond one month, known as persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS).